Kritik Terhadap Sistem Kerja dan Pola Hidup Kapitalistik Masyarakat Modern dalam Pengkhotbah 3:1-15: Studi Interdisipliner

Satya Sawung  Wirayudha; Rika Amelia  Br. Pardede; Sulistiono

doi:10.69668/sejati.v3i1.215

Authors

Satya Sawung Wirayudha Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Nazarene Indonesia
Rika Amelia Br. Pardede Sekolah Tinggi Theologia Nazarene Indonesia
Sulistiono sekolah tinggi theologia nazarene indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69668/sejati.v3i1.215

Keywords:

ecclesiastes 3:1–15, capitalism, interdisciplinary hermeneutics, social acceleration, labor alienation

Abstract

This study aims to analyze Ecclesiastes 3:1–15 as a structural theological critique against the labor system and capitalistic lifestyle of modern society. This qualitative research applies an interdisciplinary hermeneutical approach. The analytical procedure is carried out systematically through four operational stages: textual-philological exegesis of the Masoretic text, theological contextualization (Fides Quaerens Intellectum), integration of social theology, and dialectical synthesis with critical sociology and contemporary philosophy. The findings indicate a fundamental clash between divine temporality, which is cyclic and organic, and capitalistic temporality, which is linear and instrumental. Through the concepts of time (‘et), eternity (‘olam), and justice for the pursued (nirdāp), this ancient text radically deconstructs modern pathologies such as social acceleration, labor alienation, time commodification, and the burnout epidemic institutionalized by neoliberal market structures. This study concludes that the concept of time in Ecclesiastes 3:1–15 functions as a theological-political manifesto that rejects the reduction of human ontological dignity to a mere economic commodity. Consequently, churches, particularly in Indonesia, are called to correct prosperity theology and develop a humanist, prophetic, and transformative social praxis.

References

Bartholomä, P. (2025). Acceleration to Resonance: Hartmut Rosa’s Sociology of the Good Life and the Mission of the Church. Brill.

Baudrillard, J. (1998). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. SAGE Publications.

Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid Modernity. Polity Press.

Brueggemann, W. (2017). Sabbath as Resistance. Westminster John Knox Press.

Budhi, S. S. (2021). Makna Teologi Istirahat Dan Perkembanganya Dalam Kitab-Kitab Kanonik. Predica Verbum : Jurnal Teologi Dan Misi, 1(2), 138–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51591/PREDICAVERBUM.V1I2.27

Davies, B., & Evans, G. R. (1998). Anselm of Canterbury, Proslogion. Oxford University Press.

Djaga, C., & Labaka, A. (2025). FILSAFAT DAN TEOLOGI: MENEMUKAN PERSENYAWAAN EPISTEMOLOGI MELALUI GAGASAN FILSAFAT KEILAHIAN. Jurnal Teologi RAI, 2(3), 236–251. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.63276/jurnalrai.v2i3.127

Ellul, J. (1964). The Tehnological Society. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.

Fox, M. V. (1999). A time to tear down and a time to build up: a rereading of Ecclesiastes. Eerdmans Publihing Company.

Han, B.-C. (2015). The Burnout Society. Stanford Briefs.

Heschel, A. J. (1951). THE PROPHETS. Harper & Row.

Komarudin. (2023). The Impact of The Gig Economy on Family Structure and Social Relations in Urban Areas. Ridwan Institute, 1(11), 2120–2027.

Lephoko, D. S. (2018). Prosperity theology versus theology of sharing approach. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 80(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.4102/hts.v80i1.9544

Lioy, D. (2008). The Divine Sabotage : An Exegetical and Theological Study of Ecclesiastes 3. South African Theological Seminary (SATS), 5(3), 115–135.

Longman, T. (2019). Confronting Old Testament Controversies (13th ed.). Baker Book House.

Marcuse, H. (1964). One-Dimensional Man. Beacon Press.

Marx, K. (1959). Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts. Progress Publishers.

Nurdin, M. F. (2017). Sosiologi Kontemporer : Filsafat Dan Orientasi Perubahan Authors. Sosioglobal: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Penelitian Sosiologi, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24198/jsg.v2i1.15267

Nursantosa, A. P. (2017). KAPAN ALLAH MEMBUAT SEGALANYA INDAH: MISTERI WAKTU DALAM KITAB PENGKHOTBAH 3:11. Melintas, 33(2), 157–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26593/mel.v33i2.2959.157-184

Pambudi, H. T. (2015). Spiritualitas Kesederhanaan (Kesederhanaan) Sebagai Alternatif Bagi Gaya Hidup Materialis Kaum Muda. Jurnal Youth Ministry, 3(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47901/jym.v3i1.426

Purbajati, H. I., & Hasan, Z. (2024). Pemikiran Eksistensialisme Jean-Paul Sartre Dalam Perspektif Kehidupan Masyarakat Kontemporer. Kolaboratif Sains, 7(11), 4143–4150. https://doi.org/10.56338/jks.v7i11.6489

Rauschenbusch, W. (1907). Christianity and the Social Crisis. The Macmillan Company.

Resubun, I. (2017). DAMPAK NEGATIF KAPITALISME GLOBAL BAGI KEHIDUPAN MANUSIA MODERN. Limen: JUrnal Agama Dan Kebudayaan, 14(1), 114–136. https://limen.stft-fajartimur.id/index.php/limen/article/view/158

Rosa, H. (2013). Social Acceleration: A New Theory of Modernity. Columbia University Press.

Sahapudi, S. D. I., & Gulo, R. (2025). Logos Abadi dalam Kefanaan: Eksplorasi Kristologi Identitas Ilahi dalam Pengkhotbah 3:11. KHARISMATA: Jurnal Teologi Pantekosta, 8(1), 43–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47167/pqkq6711

Sapatandekan, I. Y., & Telaumbanua, P. (2025). PERUBAHAN AKAL BUDI DAN KESUCIAN HIDUP MENURUT PERSPEKTIF PAULUS DALAM ROMA 12:1-2. Voice of HAMI, 8(01), 1–2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59830/voh.v8i1.129

Saputra, J. A. (2024). Teologi Istirahat Dan Hustle Culture Teologi Istirahat Dalam Keluaran 23:12 Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Fenomena Hustle Culture. TRACK: Jurnal Kepemimpinan Kristen, Teologi, Dan Entrepreneurship, 3(2), 50–70.

Seow, C. (1999). Ecclesiastes: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Journal of Biblical Literature, 1(1), 3–69. https://doi.org/10.2307/3268196

Setianto, M., & Setianto, Y. (2020). TAKUT AKAN ALLAH DI TENGAH-TENGAH KETIDAKPASTIAN HIDUP MENURUT PENGKHOTBAH 12:8-14: SEBUAH PENDEKATAN NARASI TERHADAP KOHERENSI EPILOG PENGKHOTBAH. Pneumata, 2(2), 36–53. https://sttbi.ac.id/journal/index.php/pneumata/article/view/124

Simangunsong, B. (2022). Kemitraan Human dan Non-Human: Kebajikan Ekologis dalam Pelestarian Rumah Kita Bersama. Dunamis : Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Kristiani, 7(1), 366–383. https://doi.org/10.30648/dun.v7i1.875

Sirangki, H., & Noval, Y. (2025). MATERIALISME DIALEKTIS DALAM RUANG MAYA DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF KARL MARX SEBAGAI UPAYA MEMBANGUN TEOLOGI KEKINIAN. TRACK: Jurnal Kepemimpinan Kristen, Teologi, Dan Entrepreneurship, 04(02), 3–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61660/track.v4i2.214

Situmorang, J. (2018). MODEL MISI PERKOTAAN RASUL PAULUS DI KORINTUS. Missio Ecclesiae, 7(2), 188–228. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52157/me.v7i2.88

Sulistiono, Sakey, J. S., & Saputro, A. D. (2025). Hevel dan Krisis Makna Kerja Akademik: Rekonstruksi Dosen Teologi dalam Perspektif Kitab Pengkhotbah. ELEOS: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen, 4(2), 253–267. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53814/eleos.v4i2.123

Umboh, G. S. (2020). KEPASRAHAN HIDUP: Kajian Hermeneutik Pengkhotbah 3: 1-15 Mengenai Perspektif Semua Ada Waktunya. Jurnal Mello, 1(1), 19–30. https://ejournal-iakn-manado.ac.id/index.php/mello/index

Zega, L. H., Santoso, J., & Basongan, C. (2021). Makna Hari Sabat Dalam Keluaran 20:11 dan Implikasinya bagi Umat dan Gereja Masa Sekarang. Journal of Religious Nda Social-Cultural, 2(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46362/jrsc.v2i1.85

Zuchdi, D., & Afifah, W. (2024). Analisis Konten, Etnografi & Grounded Theory, dan Hermeneutika dalam Penelitian (R. Damayanti (ed.)). PT Bumi Aksara.